Part I Word Test (30 points)
Directions: choose the right meaning for the following words, and put the right answer for each word in the form.
1.apply A. 领养 B. 变换 C. 应用 D. 抚养
2.allocate A. 变化 B. 分配 C. 转变 D. 损害
3.extreme A. 不平常的 B. 特别的 C. 平凡的 D. 极度的
4.appreciate A .欣赏 B. 同意 C. 批准 D. 刺激
5.accomplish A. 获得 B.学到 C. 完成 D. 欣赏
6.delay A. 延误 B.腐朽 C. 破坏 D. 毁灭
7.retain A .零售商 B. 零售 C. 保持 D. 限制
8.display A. 展览 B. 打折 C. 演奏 D. 仪式
9.relevant A. 可靠的 B. 有关的 C. 依赖 D.指望
10.economic A.灵敏的 B. 殖民的 C. 经济的 D.生态的
11.equivalent A.炽热的 B. 相等的 C. 广泛的 D. 平行的
12.stress A. 力量 B. 举起 C. 拉伸 D. 压力
13.complain A. 阻挡 B.兴奋 C. 抱怨 D. 限制
14.detach A. 导出 B.分离 C.杂乱 D.暗淡
15.positive A.积极的 B.可怕的 C.允许的 D. 清澈的
Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (20 points)
Directions: In this part there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined.
Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the
sentence.
16. Conditions for the growth of this plant are optimum in early summer.
A. most acceptable
B. most expressive
C. most favorite
D. most desirable
17. She often says her greatest happiness consists in helping the disadvantaged children.
A. is proportionate to
B. is composed of
C. lies in
D. relies on
18. Now and in the future, we will live as free people, not in fear and never at the mercy of any foreign powers.
A. for the sake of
B. at the cost of
C. in the interest of
D. under the control of
19. Public acceptance of rabbit as an economical source of protein depends how aggressively producers market it.
A. vigorously
B. rigorously
C. efficiently
D. effectively
20. Many New England communities do not permit the construction of a “modernist” building, lest it alter their overall architectural integrity.
A. in order that
B. for fear that
C. in case that
D. in spite that
21. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
A. impression
B. imagination
C. expression
D. presentation
22. Television commercial have been under constant scrutiny for the last few years.
A. reflection
B. examination
C. attack
D. pressure
23. The mayor has spent a handsome amount of time in his last tern working to bring down the tax rate.
A. plenty
B. sufficient
C. moderate
D. considerable
24. His poor performance maybe attributed to the lack of motivation.
A. focused on
B. caused by
C. viewed as
D. taken for
25. The new cut in interest rate is meant to promote domestic investment.
A. obtain
B. encourage
C. publicize
D. advertise
Part III Reading Comprehension.(30 points)
Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
Passage A
Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.
As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separations. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate (lesser)food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friends die.
Pigs respond meaningfully to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O’s. Then the team switched from real-life objects to a T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs ventured only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not-inconsiderable feat of reasoning.
Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, cetaceans(鲸目动物)too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a perspective shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedures in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.
Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chicken, pigs, goats, and cows, I started to wonder: Will the new science of “food animals” bring an ethical revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will the breadth of our ethic start to catch up with the breadth of our science? Animal activists are already there, of course, committed to not eating these animals. But what about the rest of us? Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make change in who we eat?
26. According to Annie Potts, hens’ choice of a later and better reward indicates their ability of ______.
A. social interaction
B. facial recognition
C. logical reasoning
D. mutual learning
27. The expression “not-inconsiderable feat” (Para.3)shows what pig can do is ______.
A. extraordinary
B. weird
C. unique
D. understandable
28. What is Paragraph4 mainly about?
A. The similarities between mammals and humans.
B. The necessity of long-term studies no mammals.
C. A change of public attitude to the treatment of mammals.
D. A new discovery of how mammals think and feel.
29. What is the author’s view on eating “food animals”?
A. He regrets eating them before.
B. He considers eating them justifiable.
C. He is not concerned about the issue.
D. He calls for a change in what we eat.
30. What is the best title for the passage?
A. In Praise of Food Animals
B. Food Animals in Science Reports
C. The Inner Lives of food animals
D. Food Animals: past, present and future
Passage B
Experts say distracted walking is a growing problem, as people of all ages become more dependent on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been rising in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US deaths involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014.
The rise in deaths coincides with states introducing bills that target pedestrians. Some states, such as Hawaii, Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York, continue to introduce legislation every year.
The measure recently introduced by New Jersey assembly woman Pamela Lampitt would ban walking while texting and prohibit pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are hands-free. Violators would face fines of up to $50, 15-day imprisonment or both, which is the same penalty as jaywalking(乱穿马路). Half of the fine would be allocated to safety education about the dangers of walking while texting, said Lampit.
Some see the proposal as an unnecessary government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt's reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made aware of the issue. "Distracted pedestrians, like distracted drivers, present a potential danger to themselves and drivers on the road," Lampitt said. "An individual crossing the road distracted by their smartphone presents just as much danger to motorists as someone jaywalking and should be held, at minimum, to the same penalty."
The main question raised about the measure, though, is whether it can be enforced consistently by police officers who usually have more pressing matters to deal with. Some feel that rather than imposing a new law, the state should focus on distracted-walking education. Lampitt said the measure is needed to stop and penalize "risky behavior." She cited a National Safety Council report that showed distracted-walking incidents involving cellphones accounted for an estimated 11,101 injuries from 2000 through 2011.
The study found a majority of those injured were female and most were 40 or younger. Talking on the phone was the most prevalent activity at the time of injury, while texting accounted for 12%. Nearly 80% of the injuries occurred as the result of a fall, while 9% occurred from the pedestrian striking a motionless object.
31.This passage is mainly concerned with _____
A.the difficulty in enforcing road regulations
B.rising deaths caused by distracted walking
C.the dangers of jaywalking on busy streets
D.distracted walking involving smartphones
32.The states introducing bills that target pedestrians ________.
A.have benefited from the bills
B.find it hard to carry them out
C.have been promoting the legislation
D.will have fewer deaths of pedestrians
33.According to the measure proposed by Lampitt, walking while texting would ______.
A.become illegal
B.involve safety education
C.be blamed publicly
D.incur a fine of over $50
34.Lampitt reasons that distracted pedestrians are as dangerous as ________.
A.motorists
B.speeding drivers
C.jaywalkers
D.drunk drivers
35.Which of the following would the author of the passage most probably agree with?
A. Males are more vulnerable to distracted-walking injures.
B.Police officers are unhappy with the proposed law.
C.Safety education is more important than penalty.
D.Rising distracted-walking incidents call for real attention.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answer A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer.
At SXSW, the tech and culture conference in Austin, London Mayor Sadiq Khan criticized big tech companies and regulators for failing to stem the spread of hate, misinformation and radical viewpoints online.
The mayor said that governments have been in "dereliction of duty" when it comes to passing regulations to combat the ways technology has negatively affected society. "One of the biggest problems over the last few years is that politicians and governments have just been passive—sitting on their hands—while the tech revolution has happened around them,"Khan said in his remarks.
Ultimately, he said, it's up to governments to work with technology businesses and leaders to make sure that technological advancement has the proper checks.
Social media firms are already under new regulatory pressure in Europe, thanks to German laws enacted in January that will fine companies that don't take down problematic content within 24 hours of it being reported.
Khan did not call for this type of regulation but warned that even stricter regulation could be on its way if companies don't respond to government concerns."Ultimately—there must be greater responsibility taken by some tech companies for the impact they're having on the world."
Comment 1:
Looking at this from the point of view of "industry regulation" is simply flawed. At the core of this, it is individuals who are making choices to "post" each and every time. What our society seems to have lost is a sense of personal responsibility.
Comment 2:
It's not exactly easy to implement laws that targets content online. The bigger issue is that law enforcement simply doesn't have the resources to act on all these crimes happening on the Internet.
Comment 3：
1 agree that technology has failed us in at least one very important way: Twitter, Facebook, etc, published and continues to publish untruths and fake "news", that some people assume are accurate. They must do something.
Comment 4:
The companies at issue promote the content being objected to. That is the content that drives their revenues and profits. So self-regulation just never works without the threat of harsh regulation.
Comment 5:
Information and Communications Technology (ICT), through its evolution, has generally been perceived as beneficial, furthering progress and the common good. But, ICT has not had the foresight to see how the evolving industry can produce unintended consequences. It's time for ICT to step up.
36.The word"dereliction"(Para. 2) probably means " ".
A.deliberate neglect B. potential abuse
C. constant misjudgment D. apparent misunderstanding
37.What does Khan emphasize with his remarks in the last paragraph?
A.Strict British regulation.
B.German-style regulatory laws.
C.Government-industry cooperation.
D.Self-regulation of the industry.
38.According to Comment 1, who is to blame for the spread of misinformation?
A.Businesses.
B. Individuals.
C. Government officials.
D. Industry leaders.
39.Which of the comments favors strict government regulation?
A.Comment 2.
B.Comment 3.
C.Comment 4.
D.Comment5.
40.Which comments agree with Khan on the role of tech companies?
A.Comments 1and 4.
B.Comments 2 and 3.
C.Comments 4and 5.
D.Comments 3 and 5.
Part IV Cloze (20 points)
Directions: In this part, there is a passage with ten blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked, A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer for each blank.
The history of transportation is very long and full of changes and inventions. It starts 41 walking, which is not any invention; it just takes energy. People used to walk to get to other places. If you wanted to get somewhere quickly, the 42 way to do that was to run. Actually, the first invention for transportation 43 was the shoe. Centuries ago there were no shoes, and people walked barefoot.
Then people invented 44 to transport themselves and materials from one place to another. In some cultures, people invented sledges (雪橇)， 45 are a kind of board that you drag along the ground. You can tie things on the sledge to help carry them, but it’s a challenging invention 46 if you hit a rock with the sledge as you pull it, the contents can 47 . In other cultures, people invented the wheel, which they used to make it easier to move things—and people. That was the beginning of many innovations in transportation.
48 people had wheels they could invent other ways to travel. They could put the wheels on a board and make it a wagon, and then they could 49 that wagon to an ox or a horse and ride as well as carry materials. That wheel led to 50 we have today: trucks, automobiles, and even boats and planes. For example, there were steamboats that used giant wheels that turned with blades, pushing the water and pushing the boat forward.
41. A. on B. at C. for D. with
42. A. possible B. only C. one D. just
43. A. probably B. luckily C. really D. formerly
44. A. methods B. channels C. ways D. measures
45. A. what B, when C. where D. which
46. A. unless B. but C. even D. since
47. A. pull out B. slip off C. hold down D. put down
48. A. Once B. Then C. However D. Yet
49. A. stick B. make C. fasten D. change
50. A. what B. that C. which D. how
________________________________________________
参考答案
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| C | B | D | A | C | A | C | A | B | C |
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| B | D | C | D | A | C | C | D | A | B |
| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| C | B | D | B | B | C | A | C | D | C |
| 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 |
| B | C | A | C | D | A | D | B | C | D |
| 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 |
| D | B | A | C | D | D | B | A | C | A |
Part II Vocabulary (2014年真题)
16.【答案】C
【解析】句中词optimum最适宜的。
A. most acceptable 最合意的 B. most expressive 最有表现力的
C. most favorite 最适宜的 D. most desirable 最令人满意的
【译文】这种植物最适宜的生长条件在初夏。
17.【答案】C
【解析】句中词consist in在于……中。
A. is proportionate to 成比例 B. is composed of 由……组成
C. lie in 在于 D. rely on 依靠
【译文】她经常说她的快乐在于帮助弱势儿童。
18.【答案】D
【解析】句中词at the mercy of任……摆布。
A. for the sake of为了 B. at the cost of以……为代价
C. in the interest of 为了……利益 D. under the control of 受……控制
【译文】不管是现在还是将来，我们都将自由自在地生活着，没有恐怖，永远不会听凭外国阴谋或强权的摆布。
19.【答案】A
【解析】句中词aggressively积极地。
A. vigorously充满活力地 B. rigorously严格地
C. efficiently 有效地 D. effectively 有效地
【译文】将兔子作为经济的蛋白质来源的公众接受程度取决于生产商如何积极地进行销售。
20.【答案】B
【解析】句中词lest以免。
A. in order that为了 B. for fear that唯恐
C. in case that 以防 D. in spite that 尽管
【译文】许多新英格兰社区不允许修建现代主义建筑，以免改变其整体建筑的完整性。
21.【答案】C
【解析】句中词representation表示。
A. impression印象 B. imagination想象
C. expression 表达 D. presentation 报告
【译文】在本质上，理论是抽象的，这种抽象是可以构想为现实的符号表示。
22.【答案】B
【解析】句中词scrutiny监督。
A. reflection反映 B. examination检查
C. attack 攻击 D. pressure 压力
【译文】电视商业广告在过去的几年里一直接受监督检查。
23. 【答案】D
【解析】句中词handsome慷慨的。
A. plenty 大量 (名词词性) B. sufficient足够的
C. moderate 适度的 D. considerable大量的
【译文】市长在最后的任期内花费大量的时间致力于降低税率。
24.【答案】B
【解析】句中词attributed to归因于。
A. focused on集中 B. caused by因为
C. viewed as 视为 D. taken for认为
【译文】他差劲的表现是由于缺乏动力引起的。
25.【答案】B
【解析】句中词promote 促进。
A. obtain获得 B. encourage鼓励
C. publicize发表 D. advertise广告
【译文】利率再次下调意味着促进国内投资。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Section A
Passage A (2017年真题)
26.【答案】 C
【考点】 细节推断
【分析】问题问按照安妮·波茨的观点，母鸡选择稍后更好的奖励表明它们具有什么能力。我们可以在文章第二段找到相关内容：正如坎特伯雷大学的安妮·波茨所指出的那样，即使分离了几个月，小鸡也可以在100只小鸡中分辨并认出熟悉的面孔来。让鸡解决问题时，它们会推理：那些接受过选择彩色按钮训练的母鸡有时会选择放弃即刻 (较小)的食物奖励，而选择稍微晚一点(更好)的奖励。由此我们可以判断出安妮·波茨认为母鸡具有推理能力。所以，本题的正确答案是C，逻辑推理。
【误项排除】选择项A：社会互动;B：面部识别;D：互相学习;这三个答案与母鸡对奖励做出先后选择没有关系，均为干扰项。
27.【答案】 A
【考点】 词语含义
【分析】问题问第三段的
词组not-inconsiderable feat表明猪能做的事情是怎样的。根据双重否定相当于肯定的规律，not-inconsiderable的意思是considerable的意思，即：相当大的;相当多的;可观的;重大的，重要的;值得考虑的，值得注意的;显著的。由此我们可以选出正确答案应为A，超常的，非凡的，异乎寻常的，显著的。
【误项排除】选择项B：怪异的，不可思议的，超自然的;C：独特的，独一无二的;D：可以理解的，可以了解的，无可厚非的;这三个答案都不符合原文内容，均为干扰项。
28.【答案】 C
【考点】 段落大意
【分析】问题问第四段主要讲了什么。文章第四段指出：很快，我认识到和我们的近亲一样, 鲸目动物也是文化学习的大师，而大象会与其社会同伴一起表达深深的喜悦和悲哀。对这些哺乳动物的长期野外研究有助于我们社会的观念转变：公众不再那么容易接受强迫猴子在实验室里经受痛苦的过程、大象被迫在马戏团里的表演和海豚被关在主题公园里的小贮水池里的境遇了。根据这些信息，我们可以总结归纳出本段主要是介绍通过对哺乳动物的研究和了解，人类会转变社会观念，公众不再接受各种强迫动物的事情了。因此，本题的正确答案是C，公众对待哺乳动物的态度的转变。
【误项排除】选择项A：人类和哺乳动物之间的相似处;B：长期研究哺乳动物的必要性;D：哺乳动物如何思考和感觉的新发现;这几个答案都不是本段的主要内容，均为干扰项。
29.【答案】 D
【考点】 观点推断
【分析】问题问作者关于吃“食物动物”的观点是什么。利用查阅式阅读，我们可以在第五段中找到相关信息：然而，随着时间的推移，随着我开始进一步扩大并探讨鱼、鸡、猪、山羊和牛的内心生活，我开始怀疑：“食物动物”这门新科学是否会给我们的饮食带来一场道德革命?换句话说，我们的道德的广度是否会开始赶上我们的科学的广度? 而最后一段指出：当然，动物维权人士已经在那里承诺不吃这些动物。但是我们其他人呢?关注这些动物的思想和感觉会导致我们改变我们的饮食吗? 由此，我们可以推断出作者对吃“食物动物”的观点是否定的，认为这么做会违背道德，人们应该改变饮食，不吃这些动物。所以，本题的正确答案应该是D，他呼吁改变我们的饮食。
【误项排除】选择项A：他后悔以前吃过这些东西;原文没有提及。B：他认为吃这些“食物动物”是合理的;与原文内容不符。C：他不关心这个问题;与原文作者的观点明显相反。所以这三个答案均为干扰项。
30.【答案】 C
【考点】 最佳标题
【分析】文章的最佳标题是什么。通读全文，我们可以看出文章首先指出科学终于开始接纳那些长期以来被认为是二等公民的动物。接着作者通过两个大学的科研人员对鸡和猪的观察研究详细介绍了鸡和猪都有识别、判断、决定和推理的能力。最后作者提出鲸目动物和哺乳动物也有类似的思想和感觉，由此引出令人深思的问题：“食物动物”这门新科学是否会给我们的饮食带来一场道德革命? 关注这些动物的思想和感觉会导致我们改变我们的饮食吗? 由此我们可以看出文章主要围绕动物也会思考、也有感觉、有识别判断和推理的能力来展开的。所以，本题的正确答案是C，食物动物的内心世界。
【误项排除】选择项A：对食物动物的赞美，文中没有提到;B：科学报告中的食物动物，不符合原文内容;D：食物动物：过去、现在和未来，与原文主要内容不符;因此，这三个答案均是干扰项。
【全文翻译】
科学终于开始接纳那些长期以来被认为是二等公民的动物。
正如坎特伯雷大学的安妮·波茨所指出的那样，即使分离了几个月，小鸡也可以在100只小鸡中分辨并认出熟悉的面孔来。让鸡解决问题时，它们会推理：那些接受过选择彩色按钮训练的母鸡有时会选择放弃即刻 (较小)的食物奖励，而选择稍微晚一点(更好)的奖励。健康的母鸡可能帮助朋友，而且当那些朋友死掉时，这些健康的母鸡还会哀悼它们。
猪对人类的符号可以做出有意义的反应。宾夕法尼亚州立大学坎迪斯·克劳内领导的一个研究小组带着有X和O符号的木块围绕在猪的周围，只有携带O符号的研究者给动物们提供食物。猪很快就忽略了带X符号的人，转而围着携带O符号的人转。然后，研究小组将现实生活中的物品换成印有X或O符号的T恤衫。尽管如此，这些猪只向T恤上有O符号的人试探：它们已经把自己的知识转换成二维的形式，这是一种相当可观的推理能力。
很快，我认识到和我们的近亲一样, 鲸目动物也是文化学习的大师，而大象会与其社会同伴一起表达深深的喜悦和悲哀。对这些哺乳动物的长期野外研究有助于我们社会的观念转变：公众不再那么容易接受强迫猴子在实验室里经受痛苦的过程、大象被迫在马戏团里表演、而海豚被关在主题公园里的小贮水池的境遇了。
然而，随着时间的推移，随着我开始进一步扩大并探讨鱼、鸡、猪、山羊和牛的内心生活，我开始怀疑：“食物动物”这门新科学是否会给我们的饮食带来一场道德革命?换句话说，我们的道德的广度是否会开始赶上我们的科学的广度?
当然，动物维权人士已经在那里承诺不吃这些动物。但是我们其他人呢?关注这些动物的思想和感觉会导致我们改变我们的饮食吗?
Passage B(2016年真题)
【文章介绍】
随着人们对电子产品如智能手机越来越依赖，走路分神造成死亡的人数不断增加，这已成为一个日益严重的社会问题。本文介绍了行人走路玩手机的危害并探讨了解决这一问题应采取的措施。
31. 【答案】B
【考点】文章主旨
【解析】本题问的这篇文章主要关注的是什么问题。
据本文所述，随着人们对电子产品如智能手机越来越依赖，走路分神造成死亡的人数不断增加，这已成为一个日益严重的社会问题。因此选B项“走路分神造成死亡的人数在增加”。
【误项排除】A 项“贯彻实施道路规章的困难”，C项 “在繁忙大街上，乱穿马路的危害”，D项 “手机造成的走路分神”这三项不符合题意。
32. 【答案】C
【考点】细节推断
【解析】 针对行人走路分神，美国的一些州出台了法案，然后怎么样。
根据题干关键词，定位到文章第二段，死亡数目的上升恰逢美国几个州出台针对步行者的法案。像夏威夷州，阿肯色州，伊利诺斯州，内华达洲和纽约市每年不断出台相关法律法规。因此选C项“一直在推进立法”。
【误项排除】A项“得益于这些法案”，B项“发现很难实施”，D项“行人死亡数目下降”，这三项不符合题意。
33. 【答案】A
【考点】细节推断。
【解析】 根据兰皮特的提议，走路发短信应如何处罚。
根据题干关键词，定位到文章第三段第二句，违反者处以上限50美金罚款或十五天监禁或两者并罚，因此选A项“是违法的行为”。
【误项排除】B 项“需接受安全教育”，C项 “应公开批评”，D项 “处以50美元以上罚金”这三项不符合题意。
34. 【答案】C
【考点】细节推断
【解析】 兰皮特认为行人走路分神和什么一样危险。
根据题干关键词，定位到文章第四段最后一句，“边玩智能手机边过马路的行人和乱穿马路一样会对汽车驾驶员造成危险，理应处以同样的处罚。因此选C项“乱穿马路的人”。
【误项排除】A项“汽车驾驶员”，B项“超速驾驶的司机”，D项“酒驾司机”，这三项不符合题意。
35. 【答案】D
【考点】态度推断
【解析】 作者最赞成的观点是什么。
根据题干关键词，定位到文章第四段前二句，有些人视提议为不必要的过度管制，有些人认为兰皮特分析的有道理，但更多的人同意需关注这个问题。因此选D项“行人走路分神引起的道路事故增加需得到人们重视”。
【误项排除】A项“走路分神受伤的多是男性群体”，B 项 “警察对新的立法不满意”，C 项 “安全教育比处罚更重要” ，这三项不符合题意。
【参考译文】
专家表示：随着各个年龄段的人们变得更加依赖电子设备来处理个人以及工作事务，走路分神成为一个日益严重的问题。他们还注意到，近些年，行人死亡的数目一直在增加，美国行人死亡人数占总死亡数目的比例由之前的11%升至2014年的15%。
死亡数目的上升恰逢美国几个州出台针对步行者的法案。像夏威夷州，阿肯色州，伊利诺斯州，内华达洲和纽约市每年不断出台相关法律法规。
最近，由新泽西州议会女议员帕梅拉·兰皮特提议一项措施是：禁止边走路边发短信;行人不允许在公路上使用电子通讯设备，双手不占用的情况例外。违反者处以上限50美金罚款或十五天监禁或两者并罚，这和乱穿马路的处罚规定是一样的。兰皮特表示：一半罚金将会用于安全教育，告诉人们边发信息边走路的危险。
有些人视提议为不必要的过度管制，有些人认为兰皮特分析的有道理，但更多的人同意需关注这个问题。“行人走路分神如同司机开车分神，一样会给他们自己和公路上别的司机带来潜在威胁”，兰皮特说，“边玩智能手机边过马路的行人和乱穿马路一样会对汽车驾驶员造成危险，理应处以同样的处罚。”
但这个措施存在的主要问题是能否被警察坚持贯彻实施。因为警察们通常比较忙，有更紧急的事情等待他们处理。一些人认为，关键应该加强走路分神危险性教育，而不是制定新的法规。可是兰皮特表示：为了阻止这种冒险行为，处罚性的措施是必要的。她说据国家安全局的一项报告表明，2000到2011十一年间，行人因玩手机走路分神受伤人数达到11101人。
研究发现受伤人群多是40岁或更年轻的女性。她们在遭到伤害时，大都在用手机通话，12%在发短信。80%的受伤事故是跌倒所致，9%是由于行人撞倒了静止物体。
Section B
【文章介绍】本文主要讲述了伦敦市长在SXSW科技文化大会上针对科技公司的监管提出了自己的意见。他认为，科技公司对社会影响面大，因此政府和监督机构必须合作，共同解决网络上出现的问题。对于市长的发言，有4条不同的评论。
36.【答案】A
【考点】语义题
【解析】 第二段的dereliction是什么意思。
根据第二段第二句可知，过去几年最大的问题是在科技革命发生时，政客和政府都很
消极，且是一种袖手旁观的态度。因此此题选A项“有意忽视”。
【误项排除】B项“潜在滥用”，C项“持续的错误判断”，D项“明显误解”，这三项不符合题意。
37.【答案】D
【考点】例证题
【解析】 最后一段汗在发言中强调了什么。
博客最后一段，汗强调如果公司不能回应政府的担忧，他警示将有可能制定更严厉的监管措施。因此选D项“产业的自我监管”。
【误项排除】A项“严厉的英国制度” ，B项“德式的监管法律”，C项“政府和行业合作”，这三项不符合题意。
38.【答案】B
【考点】推断题
【解析】 评论1中，传播错误消息谁应受到责问。
根据评论1可知，从“行业监管”的角度来看，这是有缺陷的。这个问题的核心是个人，是他们选择是否“上传”。强调个人的重要性，因此选B项“个人”。
【误项排除】A项“公司”，C项“政府官员”，D项“企业领导”，这三项不符合题意。
39.【答案】C
【考点】推断题
【解析】 以下哪个评论支持政府严格监管。
根据评论4可知，没有严厉的监管约束，自我监管永远不会起作用。因此选C项“评论4”。
【误项排除】A项“评论2”，B项“评论3”，D项“评论5”这三项不符合题意。
40.【答案】D
【考点】推断题
【解析】 以下哪些评论认同汗对于科技公司的看法。
根据文章可知，汗认为科技公司对于世界是重要的，但需要监管。结合评论可知，评论4认为科技公司会推动收益和利润，但没有监管，自我监管不起作用。评论5认为科技演变是有益的，但不能预测未知的结果，因此选D项“评论 3 和5”。
【误项排除】A项“评论1和4”，B项“评论2和3”，C项“评论 4和5”，这三项不符合题意。
【参考译文】
在奥斯汀举办的SXSW科技文化大会上，伦敦市长萨迪·汗批判了大型科技公司和监管机构，他们没能阻止网络上仇恨、错误消息和激进观点的传播。
该市长说，政府在通过法规来打击科技给社会带来的负面影响是失职的。汗在评论中说到，过去几年最大的问题是在科技革命发生时，政客和政府都很消极，且是一种袖手旁观的态度。
最后，他说政府应该要与科技企业和领导者合作，确保科技进步有合适的检查机制。
在欧洲，社交媒体公司现已面临新的监管压力。这归功于德国今年1月颁布的法律，该项法律将对报道出现问题且没有在24小时内撤销的公司处以罚款。
汗并不提倡这类监管，但是如果公司不能回应政府的担忧，他警示将有可能制定更严厉的监管措施。最后，由于这些科技公司因其对世界的影响，必定要承当更大的责任。
评论1：
从“行业监管”的角度来看，这是有缺陷的。这个问题的核心是个人，是他们选择是否“上传”。我们的社会似乎已经失去了个人责任感。
评论2：
针对网上的内容要实施法律制裁并不容易。最大的问题是，执法部门根本没有资源去处理所有在发生中的网络犯罪行为。
评论3：
我认同科技公司至少在一个非常重要的方面让我们失望了：通过推特、脸谱等发布或持续发布不实和虚假的新闻，一些人信以为真，他们必须要做些什么。
评论4：
这些有争议的公司推送着不实的内容，而该内容给他们带来收入和利润。没有严厉的监管约束，自我监管永远不会起作用。
评论5：
通过演变，信息与通讯科技(ICT)总体被认为是有益的，它推动了进步和共同利益。但是ICT并没有预测到不断发展的产业会如何产生未知的后果。ICT是时候提升了。
Part IV Cloze (2016年真题)
【文章介绍】
本文主要介绍了交通运输工具的发展历史。从最早的鞋子到现在的飞机，无不见证了人类的智慧。
41.【答案】D
【考点】考察与start 搭配的词组辨析。
【解析】交通发展的历史从步行开始，步行不算是发明。因此D项start with 从...开始，符合原文。
【误项排除】A项start on 开始进行，B项start at起始于, C 项start for 动身去,都不符合原文。
42.【答案】B
【考点】考察上下文语义。
【解析】根据句意：如果你想快速到达一个地方，只能跑。因此B项only唯一的，仅有的，符合原文。
【误项排除】A项possible可能的，C项one一，一个, D 项just公正的,合理的，都不符合原文。
43.【答案】A
【考点】考察副词词义辨析。
【解析】根据句意：实际上，关于交通运输产生的第一个发明可能是鞋子。以前没有鞋，人们都光着脚走路。因此A项probably大概，或许，符合原文。
【误项排除】B项luckily幸运地，C项really实际上,事实上，D项formerly以前，原来，都不符合原文。
44.【答案】C
【考点】考察名词词义辨析。
【解析】根据句意： 随后人们发明了能够把人和货物从一地运输到另一地的方 法。因此C项ways方法，符合原文。
【误项排除】A项methods方法，ways 和methods 都可以表示方式，方法，但methods多指的是科学的方法，具体做事的步骤或程序，再着从文章第三段第一句话中 they could invent other ways to travel 可知，选 C 更合意，B项channels频道，渠道，D 项measures措施，都不符合原文。
45.【答案】D
【考点】考察定语从句引导词。
【解析】根据句意：在一些文化中，人们发明雪橇，雪橇是一种能在地面上拖着走的木板，该句是一个定语从句，根据先行词是sledges，所以选择指代物的关系代词which，因此D项符合原文。
【误项排除】A项what 不做定语从句引导词，B项when关系副词，指代时间, C 项where关系副词，指代地点，都不符合原文。
46.【答案】D
【考点】考察词义辨析和上下文语义。
【解析】根据句意，你可以把货物绑在雪橇上来运载，但同时雪橇也是一项有挑 战性的发明，因为一旦撞上石头，雪橇上面的货物就会滑落。显然这里是因果关系，因此D项since因为，符合原文。
【误项排除】A项unless 除非，B项but但是， C 项even甚至,都不符合原文。
47.【答案】B
【考点】考察动词词组辨析。
【解析】根据句意：当你拉动雪橇，它撞上石头，车上装载的东西就会滑落。因此B项slip off滑落，符合原文。
【误项排除】A项pull out退出，(火车)驶出，C项hold down 压住，镇压, D 项put down记下，放下，都不符合原文。
48.【答案】A
【考点】考察上下文语义和逻辑关系。
【解析】根据句意：一旦人们发明出轮子，他们就能够发明其他的出行方式。因此A项once一旦，符合原文。
【误项排除】B项then然后，C项however然而，D 项yet但是，都不符合原文。
49.【答案】C
【考点】考察动词短语搭配。
【解析】根据句意： 他们在轮子上装上木板，做成车，然后把车固定在牛或者马背上，可载人，可运货。因此C项fasten...to： 把...固定在...上，符合原文。
【误项排除】A项stick to 遵守，B项make开始，尝试， D 项change改变，交换，都不符合原文。
50.【答案】A
【考点】考察宾语从句引导词。
【解析】根据句意：轮子使我们拥有今天的一切：卡车，汽车甚至船和飞机。A项what引导宾语从句，做have的宾语，符合原文。
【误项排除】B项that，从属连词，引导宾语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，可省略。从句中have 显然少了个宾语，因此排除;C项which，连接代词，也可引导宾语从句，在从句中做主语，宾语或定语，但语义不符，排除;D 项how，连接副词，引导宾语从句，在从句中做状语，语义不符。
【参考译文】
交通的历史非常久远，充满了变化和发明创造。最早的交通形式是步行，这算不上什么发明，只需消耗能量。在过去，要到别的地方，都是靠走路。如果你想快速到达，只能跑。实际上，第一个为了交通运输产生的发明可能是鞋子。几个世纪以前，是没有鞋子的，人们都赤着脚走路。
随后人们发明了能够把人和货物从一地运输到另一地的方 法。在一些文化当中，人们发明了雪橇。雪橇是用木板制成的，由人拖拽沿地面前行。你可以把货物绑在雪橇上来运载，但同时雪橇也是一项有挑战性的发明，因为一旦撞上石头，雪橇上面的货物就会滑落。在另些文化中，人们发明了轮子，用来方便运输。这些就是最早形式的交通发明。
一旦人们发明出轮子，他们就能够发明其他的出行方式。他们在轮子上装上木板，做成车，然后把车固定在牛或者马背上，可载人，可运货，这就是早期的四轮运货马车。后来逐渐产生了卡车，汽车，帆船和飞机，这些现代交通工具。例如，曾经的汽船，通过桨叶转动巨轮，从而推动汽船向前行驶。
