Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Loneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it can also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25% more likely to do the same.
Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.
The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.
The new findings involved more than 5,000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.
For example, loneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.
Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. The study found that having a lonely friend can add about 17 days. But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%, or two and a half days.
Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to make friends -and more likely that society will reject them.
John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their social networks.
The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a “protective barrier” against loneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart.
1. Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among people?
A. Friendship.
B. Happiness.
C. Depression.
D. Smoking.
2. The Framingham Heart Study starting from 1948 .
A. expanded its research topics
B. involved 5,000 patients of depression
C. identified loneliness as one key factor for heart disease
D. examined the relationship between loneliness and depression
3. Which of the following is true about the spread of loneliness?
A. It leads to a gradual loss of friends.
B. It is a common phenomenon among women.
C. It is often found in the neighborhood.
D. It ruins the relationships between close friends.
4. Having a lonely friend, you are more likely to .
A. strengthen your friendship
B. develop new friendship
C. increase the sense of loneliness
D. reduce the sense of loneliness
5. According to John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, loneliness can .
A. result in aggressiveness
B. cause people to be overprotective
C. infect social networks
D. push people to the verge of poverty
6. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Loneliness can spread.
B. Loneliness is linked to depression.
C. Lonely people tend to grow fat.
D. Lonely people need more friends.
【文章介绍】
这是一篇议论文，作者主要介绍了孤独对人的健康的影响，着重强调了孤独与抑郁症之前的关系以及孤独具有传染性。文章首先指出孤独与抑郁症和其他健康问题存有关系，接着详细介绍了关于孤独所做的一项科学研究的具体情况，以及从研究中的结论和提出的建议。
1. 【答案】B
【考点】细节判断
【解析】 给出的各项中除了孤独还有哪一项可以在人群中传播?
根据第二段第一句：……, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. 幸福、肥胖和戒烟能力就像传染病一样可以在社会群体间传播。因此B项“幸福”为正确答案。
【误项排除】A项“友谊”文中未提及;C项“沮丧”不正确，第一段中只说了人们已经把孤独与沮丧以及其他健康问题联系起来，但没有说沮丧可以传播。D项“吸烟”不正确，第二段中说的是戒烟能力可以传播而不是吸烟。
2. 【答案】A
【考点】引申推断
【解析】 关于开始于1948年的弗拉明汉姆心脏研究计划表述哪一项是正确的?
根据文章第三段：The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression. 可知这项始于1948年的研究是为了调查心脏病的起因。从那时起又增加了更多的测试，包括对孤独和沮丧的评估。由此我们可以推断该研究有许多新的扩展。所以，A项“扩大了研究课题”为正确答案。
【误项排除】B“包括5000名抑郁症患者”不正确，文中说新的研究结果包括了弗雷明汉心脏研究第二代中的5000多人，而不是5000名抑郁症患者。C项“确定孤独是引发心脏病的一个关键因素”和D项“研究孤独和抑郁之间的关系”在文中均未提及。
3. 【答案】A
【考点】正误判断
【解析】 有关孤独的传播的说法中哪一项是正确的?
根据文章第八段内容可知，孤独寂寞的人会越来越不信任他人，从而导致更不容易交到朋友，且更可能的结果是社会也会拒绝他们。由此我们可以得出A项“孤独会导致逐渐失去朋友”为正确答案。
【误项排除】B项“孤独在女士中是一种普遍现象”不正确，文中说孤独在女士中比在男人中间更容易传播，但并没有说孤独在女士中是一种普遍现象;C项“孤独通常在邻居中可以发现”不正确，文中说的是孤独会影响邻居间的关系。但是不能据此推定孤独常常发生在邻居身上;D项“孤独会毁掉亲密朋友之间的关系”不正确，文中第四段最后一句说孤独容易在密友较少的人中传播，而不是孤独会破坏亲密之间的关系。
4. 【答案】C
【考点】细节判断
【解析】 拥有一位孤独的朋友，你很有可能会怎样?
根据文章第一段和第八段的两组数据可以推测得出有孤独的朋友的人很有可能会增加孤独感，因此，C项“增加孤独感”为正确答案。
【误项排除】A项“巩固你的友谊”、B项“发展新的友谊”在文中均为提及，D项“减少孤独感”与原文文意相反。
5. 【答案】C
【考点】细节判断
【解析】 根据芝加哥大学的约翰·卡乔波的观点，孤独将会造成什么后果?根据题干中的关键词John Cacioppo可定位到文中文章第九段，约翰·卡乔波认为识别、应对孤独非常重要，且被推向社会边缘的人应该获得帮助以便修补他们的社交网络。由此可以推知，孤独影响人们的社交网络。因此C项“影响社交网络”为正确答案。
【误项排除】A项“导致攻击性的行为”文中未提及;B项“使人们过度自我保护”不正确，文中说研究的目标应该是主动创造出防止孤独的防护栏，而没有说孤独会引起过度的自我保护;D项“将人们推向贫困边缘”不正确，文中说的是被推向社会的边缘而不是贫困的边缘。
6. 【答案】A
【考点】主旨推断
【解析】 本文的主题思想是什么?
文章第一段首先提出了孤独也可以传染的观点，随后各段围绕这一观点，介绍了相关研究的具体情况和研究结果，并在文章最后提出预防孤独的重要性。因此A项“孤独可以传播”为正确答案。
【误项排除】B项“孤独和抑郁有关”不正确，它只是文章的部分内容，而不是主题。C项“孤独的人往往很胖”文中未提及。D项“孤独的人需要更多的朋友”不正确，虽然从文中可以推出孤独的人需要更多的朋友这一观点，但它能概括全文主旨。
【参考译文】
孤独有可能引发抑郁症等健康问题。现在有一项研究谈到孤独还会扩散。孤独者的朋友产生孤独感的机会比一般人高出52%。这些人的朋友产生孤独感的机会又比常人高25%。
早期发现显示，幸福感、肥胖和戒烟能力也可以像传染病一样在社会群体中传播发展。这些发现均来自美国马萨诸塞州弗明汉镇的一项大型健康研究项目。
这项研究起于1948年，起初只是研究心脏病始因。之后增加了许多测试，包括衡量孤独和抑郁的测试。
第二代弗明汉心脏研究的调查人数超过5000人，有了新的发现。研究者核实了被调查者的交友历史和孤独感的记录。结果形成了一种模式证实密友越少的人越容易传播孤独感。
例如，孤独状态会影响邻里间的关系。邻居之间见面少了关系淡化了，孤独感就会扩散。研究还发现孤独更容易在女人之间传播。
来自芝加哥大学，哈佛大学，圣地亚哥大学和加州大学的研究者对此作过研究。调查结果在上个月的《个性与社会心理期刊》中刊登过。
期刊中写道，普通人每年有48天有孤单感。这项研究还发现多一个孤独的朋友，感觉孤单的日子就会增加17天。但每交一个新朋友就可以减少5%，也就是两天半的孤独的日子。
孤独患者越来越不信任他人，导致交朋友越来越难，越来越容易被社会边缘化。
芝加哥大学的约翰·卡乔波是这项研究的负责人。他认为诊断并医治孤独症是很有意义的事，被社会边缘化的人应接受帮助，修复社交圈。
目的在于以积极主动的态度建立他所谓的封锁孤独的“保护栏”，他说这一保护栏可以使社交网保持完整并防止其破碎。
